Stories

Advancing Financial Health for Americans

June 3, 2025

Five Key Lessons: Strengthening Pathways to Financial Health

Financial health is the cornerstone of strong communities—enabling people to purchase homes, start businesses, achieve their dreams, and contribute to thriving local economies. At JPMorganChase, we are proud to play our part supporting people on their financial journey—particularly for low- and moderate-income (LMI) individuals and communities who often face compounded challenges to building wealth.

As a financial institution, we are proud of the products and services we have built to serve our customers and communities—from our community branches dedicated to enhancing financial health and wellness; to our Secure Banking Accounts, helping more people across the country access traditional banking relationships; to the Chase Freedom Rise Card designed for new-to-credit customers; and beyond.

Despite the impact of tailored solutions, many families continue to struggle to keep up with bills and expenses, leading to deteriorating financial stability and well-being.1 In fact, two thirds of American households are not financially healthy.2

In alignment with our business strategy, our suite of Corporate Responsibility tools— including philanthropic capital and impact investments, community insights, policy advocacy, and research—develops and deploys innovative solutions to address these challenges at scale.  Since 2022, JPMorganChase has provided over $100 million through grants and impact finance capital to support a healthy and accessible financial future for all, reaching approximately 8.4 million individuals, particularly those living on LMI, across the U.S. 

In deploying this capital, we have identified five key lessons for maximizing impact in communities and at scale. These lessons have shaped our updated Corporate Responsibility strategy that will drive the future of our work in partnership with the business. These lessons are:   

  1. Technology paired with human-centered design drives scalable outcomes. 
  2. Public & private systems must work in tandem to support financial health.
  3. Listening to individuals’ needs unlocks smarter innovation.
  4. Financial health doesn’t exist in a silo—we must support individuals at every stage.
  5. Cross-sector collaboration drives systemic change.


Informed by these lessons, this paper lays out our approach and a new strategy charting the way forward for how JPMorganChase will continue to deploy its Corporate Responsibility tools in partnership with the business.

Chase Community Branches

We see the returns of investing in communities up close and personal in our community branches across the country every single day. Built to expand access to banking, tools, and advice to help customers on their paths to financial health and wellness, Chase opened its first community center branch in Harlem in 2019, where 28.6 percent of families were living below poverty level between 2012-2016, compared to 17.6 percent in Manhattan overall.  

Deepened engagement with the community led to increased access to products and services to help address the needs of historically underbanked customers, from a low-cost Bank On certified account (Chase Secure Banking) with no overdraft fees and a low-to-no monthly servicing fee, to personalized steps for customers working to improve credit scores.  

Five years on, the connection between financial health and wellness in LMI communities and business impact is clear. In the last five years of operations at our Harlem Community Center branch:3

  • More than 5,000 community members attended complimentary workshops or events since 2021. In parallel, clients and customers adopted products and services to access credit and improve their financial resiliency.
  • From 2019–2023, Secure Banking Accounts increased 1,889 percent in Central Harlem. While account openings grew at every branch in Central Harlem, the highest increase (2,256 percent) occurred among customers at the Harlem Community Center Branch.
  • During the same period, personal savings balances grew 73 percent at the Harlem Community Center Branch—highlighting the impact of workshops and efforts on building local trust.
  • The number of customers who enrolled in Credit Journey increased 110 percent, suggesting our customers and clients are actively working to improve their credit with access to personalized tips, score factors and details, and other helpful tools and resources.

LESSONS LEARNED

Key Lesson #1: Technology Paired with Human-Centered Design Drives Scalable Outcomes

While technology isn’t a panacea, approaches that are human-centered—designed with the needs of people in mind—have the power to scale financial health solutions and reach underserved populations. JPMorganChase has supported the mission-driven financial technology sector (fintechs) and nonprofit innovators in developing tools that meet people where they are, helping them budget, save, build credit, and create wealth with greater ease and dignity. 

We have seen technology scale innovative financial health solutions, through initiatives like the Financial Solutions Lab (FSL), an early stage accelerator for mission-driven fintechs in collaboration with the Financial Health Network—a leading nonprofit uniting cross-sector organization to design solutions that equitably advance financial health for all people. The FSL startups have collectively supported over 30 million individuals, helping them build $3 billion in savings, avoid $420 million in fees, and settle $200 million in debt.4

“Financial health is not merely a responsibility; it is an opportunity to transform lives, strengthen communities, and propel industries. In our decades-long partnership with JPMorganChase, they have consistently demonstrated what’s possible when business strategy is aligned with philanthropic purpose. Their commitment to both intention and impact has driven meaningful investments, data, and insights that continue to fuel innovation across the sector. We’re excited to continue working together to shape the industry’s role in advancing financial health for all in America.”Jennifer Tescher, Founder and CEO of The Financial Health Network

With Code for America, we have seen another model for how technology is helping modernize public benefits systems to create efficiencies and expand access. With our initial support, Code for America digitized the tax filing process, reaching over 4 million households and distributing $415 million in benefits to low-income families.5 The model also informed IRS Direct File, the first-ever free public digital tax filing tool. Thoughtful, user-centered design not only improves short-term financial stability, but drives systemic impact.

Based on these learnings, we provided $3 million in additional support to Code for America to launch a new AI Studio, which is taking a holistic approach to designing and deploying technology-enabled solutions in partnership with state agencies. The goal is to increase access to public benefits and help unlock $80 billion in unclaimed benefits each year.6

At the same time, we recognize that digital tools must be paired with “high-touch” interventions—like financial coaching—especially for communities navigating multiple systemic challenges. That’s why JPMorganChase has long supported innovations in financial coaching as a complement to tech-based strategies. For example, we supported a pilot for the MoneySmart Financial Coaching Program which integrates financial coaching into community colleges. With notable early success, we are scaling the program and integrating Chase Community Managers as guest lecturers—reinforcing classroom instruction with real-world financial guidance.

Key Lesson #2: Public + Private Systems Must Work in Tandem to Support Financial Health

For many, both public and workplace benefits are vital to managing daily expenses, covering unexpected needs, and planning for the future. But these systems are often disconnected, forcing individuals to navigate fragmented processes that don’t reflect the full complexity of their financial lives. Time and again, we’ve learned that working across public and private sectors is critical to bridging these gaps and creating a more cohesive support network.

To do this, we supported The Aspen Institute’s Financial Security Program (Aspen FSP) Benefits Transformation Initiative, which brings together leaders from government, nonprofit, and private sectors to build integrated systems that close benefit gaps and modernize access across employers and state agencies. Our initial support aimed to align cross-sector partners on challenges and solutions to realize a more integrated and interoperable benefits system across the public and private sector. Moving forward, we are continuing to support this work to uncover structural solutions and generate policy recommendations that tackle barriers to economic mobility that hinder families from building savings and accumulating assets—central components of financial security.

JPMorganChase recently announced $14.5 million philanthropic commitment to advancing workplace and public benefits for LMI individuals. These initiatives will help increase access to critical benefits such as education savings or retirement plans, enabling more people to manage immediate financial needs, as well as save and build wealth.

Key Lesson #3: Listening to Individuals’ Needs Unlocks Smarter Innovation

Credit and savings are foundational to resilience and wealth building. Yet, for many LMI individuals these tools remain difficult to access and sustain due to real-world barriers like unpredictable income, urgent and unexpected expenses, and administrative complexities. 

Our work has shown that listening to individuals and their experience, paired with integrating behavioral design, is key to developing smarter, more accessible products and services designed around the realities of their daily lives. 

With these insights in mind, we announced $7 million in philanthropic support to ideas42—a behavioral design nonprofit—to launch the Credit: Expanding Opportunity (C:EO) initiative, bringing nonprofit and mission-driven fintech organizations together across the financial services industry to design and test solutions that improve and protect credit for 2 million individuals. Early insights from the first cohort have shown that fee transparency helps build trust and sustain engagement with individuals, contrary to providers’ concerns, and even simple solutions like text reminders can dramatically improve repayment rates.

Research conducted by SaverLife—a nonprofit fintech serving more than 700,000 low-income users with a digital saving platform—uncovered how everyday stressors, like commuting, caregiving, and rising utility bills, impact financial decisions. By deeply engaging their network of users, they curated the platform to customer needs. For example, they launched a mobile app after recognizing that 90 percent of their users accessed SaverLife via mobile phones, offering personalized savings challenges and incentives to help people reach a savings goal. With these innovations, SaverLife has supported 315,000 members to save an average of $2,500—tripling their savings rate.7

We are now working with Saverlife to deepen this impact through a new $3.5 million grant supporting their integration of AI and advanced data analytics to create tailored experiences for LMI individuals that encompasses the totality of an individual’s financial life.  Underpinned by behavioral science, these enhancements will provide even more personalized financial health navigation, helping individuals make informed decisions at the right time to improve their financial health. 

"Too often, solutions aimed at low- and moderate-income communities don’t reflect the reality of people’s lives—the irregular income, the caregiving responsibilities, the cognitive burden of navigating multiple systems just to make ends meet. JPMorganChase’s support for SaverLife signals something different: a belief that innovation must embrace complexity rather than ignore it. Their support gave us the ability to design tech-driven tools rooted in empathy and reality. They understand that improving financial outcomes for LMI households requires both bold innovation and a deep respect for the contexts in which people live and make decisions." – Leigh Phillips, President and CEO of SaverLife

On the flipside of the coin, we also know that financial services companies need to remain vigilant in mitigating bias in AI models. JPMorganChase’s Impact Finance & Advisory team invested in FairPlay, a mission-driven fintech helping financial service providers and fintechs evaluate AI-trained underwriting models, as part of their recent $10 million round. FairPlay supports institutions of all sizes in evaluating their models for potential bias, expanding access to responsible credit, and strengthening the broader financial ecosystem through more equitable AI practices. 

Key Lesson #4: Financial Health Doesn’t Exist in a Silo—We Must Support Individuals at Every Stage

Wealth building is deeply intertwined with everyday financial realities—employment, housing, entrepreneurship, and systemic risks. Effective financial health strategies must not only acknowledge, but center these complex realities and offer support throughout an individual’s journey—from utilizing benefits and establishing credit, to launching businesses or saving for education.

We know many individuals could significantly improve their financial wellbeing through employer programs. These workplace benefits help provide a vital safety net for workers to navigate their day-to-day challenges and plan for long-term goals like college and retirement. Yet fewer than one-third of workers have access to workplace benefits that could help them manage critical financial needs8 , costing the economy nearly $183 billion per year.9

With a $7 million philanthropic commitment from JPMorganChase, Commonwealth launched “Benefits for the Future”—a national initiative partnering with large employers and benefits providers to pilot and scale workplace benefits programs that improve the financial health of 2.5 million individuals. Benefits for the Future is also going deep in Columbus and Chicago, where they are bringing regional employers to the table to evaluate and develop localized programs.

“JPMorganChase has been a long-standing national leader in financial health and a fantastic partner to Commonwealth. We especially value the creativity and full range of assets JPMorganChase brings to this vital work, beginning with strategic philanthropy but extending to testing new approaches in their business lines, conducting essential research through their Institute, and contributing to critical policy conversations through their PolicyCenter. JPMorganChase also leads by example with their internal Human Resource practices, and uses their respected voice to convene diverse partners and place essential family financial security issues on the agenda nationally and in community. Commonwealth’s work on AI for financial health, inclusive wealth building, and making the workplace an engine of financial security and opportunity would not have been possible without JPMorganChase’s close partnership.” – Timothy Flacke, Co-Founder and CEO of Commonwealth 

Homeownership is another proven source of wealth building; however, underserved communities face persistent challenges in obtaining and maintaining their homes. We have learned through our housing affordability initiatives that supporting an individual throughout the entire homeownership journey—from pre-purchase education and affordability support to post-purchase stability—ensures first-time and LMI homeowners have increased access to homeownership and retain equity over time. That’s why we partnered with organizations like Homewise to pilot a new credit builder loan product with matched savings as a model for overcoming key barriers to homeownership.

Entrepreneurship can be another path to wealth, but is often intertwined with personal finances. That’s why we’re supporting the Financial Access Initiative at the NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service to launch Small Firm Diaries, a two-year study to understand how entrepreneurs in low-income neighborhoods across the Greater Washington DC Region, Chicago, Atlanta, Oakland, New York City, and St. Louis manage their financial lives—identifying insights to design better support systems for small businesses.

Key Lesson #5: Cross-Sector Collaboration Drives Systemic Change

To build, protect and grow wealth, we must collaborate across the financial ecosystem—designing accessible tools, building new infrastructure, and tackling systemic risks like fraud and scams.

Our support of Aspen FSP and its’ call for a National Financial Inclusion Strategy & Commission reflects our commitment to fostering alignment between financial services, government, and nonprofit leaders on a framework to drive towards a financial system for all. Building on this initial work, Aspen FSP continued to convene the Working Group on Inclusive Finance, including JPMorganChase, to unite and implement a holistic framework—from financial stability, to financial resilience, and ultimately, wealth—to track and accelerate progress on financial inclusion.

“We know that the ability of households to access, use, and benefit from essential financial services is critical to individual prosperity and the broader health of our economy. Our programs actively pursue strategies that expand economic opportunity, strengthen financial resilience, and protect the wealth families build. In partnership with JPMorgan Chase, we are able to advance these efforts and deliver practical solutions that can improve financial well-being for all Americans.” – Dan Porterfield, President & CEO, Aspen Institute

A key topic as part of the broader financial inclusion framework is the growing threat of fraud and scams to Americans’ public safety and financial health, with implications for the economy, U.S. financial system, and national security. Individuals—particularly vulnerable populations such as those living on LMI and the elderly—are increasingly targeted by sophisticated scams. Institutions across sectors—finance, telecommunications, technology and social media, law enforcement, public sector, consumer advocacy groups—are navigating the rapidly evolving fraud and scam ecosystem and are facing an environment of eroding consumer confidence. That’s why JPMorganChase is proud to be a founding member of the Aspen Institute’s National Task Force on Fraud & Scam Prevention, working with leaders across the private, public, and nonprofit sectors to develop a nation-wide strategy aimed at helping prevent fraud and scams and protect Americans. We’re also a founding member of the Global Anti-Scam Alliance North America Chapter—allowing for cross-sector and cross-border information sharing on best practices to tackle fraud and scams. 

New Strategy for Strengthening Pathways to Financial Health

Building on these five overarching lessons, JPMorganChase Corporate Responsibility is doubling down on our suite of tools to innovate and scale solutions that improve the financial health of individuals, particularly those living on LMI. Informed by past philanthropic and impact investing capital commitments, partnerships, and business insights, the new strategy will focus on three categories:

  • Building financial stability;  
  • Supporting financial resilience; and
  • Creating and protecting wealth.

We view this strategy as three critical phases of the financial wellness journey. By targeting each phase with tailored approaches, we aim to unlock greater innovation, capacity and impact—acting as a force multiplier for the business and communities we serve. 

This section outlines our assessment of challenges, particularly for LMI individuals, in each of these phases and articulates details around our strategic approach. Importantly, each section also highlights an area of complementary business growth and investment, recognizing that true scale and impact can only be achieved if our resources are deployed hand-in-hand. 

FINANCIAL STABILITY

Many people do not have financial stability, meaning they cannot cover day-to-day or short-term expenses. In 2024, 43 percent of families reported difficulties covering basic daily expenses or short-term financial needs—a notable increase from 38 percent in 2023.10 For LMI individuals in particular, persistent cash flow instability is often driven by volatile income and rising costs. 49 percent of people spent either the same or more than their income, leaving little financial slack.11 Additionally, while public benefits form a critical safety net for low-wage workers, many programs have complexities that inadvertently create barriers to upward mobility. As a result, $80 billion in public benefits go unclaimed each year.12 These gaps leave many Americans without the consistent resources they need to build a foundation of financial stability, heightened by the reality that excess savings from the pandemic have largely depleted based on JPMorganChase Institute research.13

  • 43%

    of families had difficulties paying bills or expenses14

  • 49%

    of people spent either the same or more than their income, leaving little financial slack15

  • $80B

    in benefits go unclaimed annually due to complex requirements, administrative hurdles, and fragmented delivery systems16

Strategic Approach

JPMorganChase is supporting solutions that support individuals to access inclusive banking, manage day-to-day financial expenses, and cover short-term needs with ease, building financial stability as a foundation towards achieving their financial goals:

  • Expand access to personal financial management tools, wraparound financial support, and financial coaching programs to build financial capability
  • Support the modernization of public benefits systems that form a critical safety net for low-wage workers to increase access, reduce friction, and promote interoperability across the public and private sector

Chase Secure Banking

In 2019, JPMorganChase launched our own certified Bank On account, Chase Secure Banking℠, to help more people around the country access a traditional banking relationship, including those new to banking or who have had trouble getting or keeping an account in the past. These accounts charge no overdraft fees, and offer features like access to thousands of fee-free ATMs, digital money management tools, and personalized support—a stepping stone to greater financial stability. We had initially set out to reach 1 million net new accounts by 2025, and are now proud to share that we’ve opened more than 2.5 million Secure Banking accounts to help people access mainstream banking. Our Secure Banking customers report saving on average of more than $60 a month on fees after opening their account. This growth is a result of 1) our sharpened focus on underbanked and underserved communities as demonstrated by our growing presence in these communities; and 2) our commitment to innovation and developing products that meet the unique needs of the customers we serve. For example:

  • In 2022, we launched Early Direct deposit exclusively for Secure Banking customers to allow them to access their direct deposits up to two business days earlier
  • In 2024, we addressed another top customer need with the launch of a monthly service fee waiver on the product. Customers can now avoid the $4.95 monthly service fee with qualifying electronic deposits totaling $250 or more per statement period 

Our work to expand Secure Banking builds on our long-standing support for the Cities for Financial Empowerment Fund (CFE Fund), who plays a crucial role in enhancing consumer access to safe and reliable banking services through their Bank On Initiative. We recently announced a $2 million philanthropic commitment to CFE Fund—the latest support in our strategic ten-year relationship—to expand the Bank On movement, strengthen cross-sector coalitions, and encourage the financial services sector to launch high-quality accounts that meet the financial needs of underserved communities. By working with over 100 coalitions, including those in rural areas, we are focused on making banking more accessible and beneficial for all. 

FINANCIAL RESILIENCE

Financial shocks—whether it’s a medical bill, job loss, or urgent car repair—are inevitable. Many Americans lack the savings or credit needed to withstand or recover from unexpected shocks, leaving them vulnerable and unable to build momentum toward long-term financial health. According to the JPMorganChase Institute, 65 percent of individuals lack a sufficient cash buffer—roughly six weeks of take-home income—to weather both a loss of income and unexpected expense.17 Moreover, 42 percent of Americans lack a credit score that would allow them to access credit at affordable rates,18 while 43 percent of low-income households could manage small emergencies if they had access to additional credit19. These limitations not only hinder crisis response, but leave individuals unable to accumulate resources to invest in longer-term goals and build wealth.

  • 65%

    of families lack sufficient emergency savings to weather a simultaneous income dip and expenditure spike20

  • 42%

    of individuals lack a credit score that would allow them to access credit at affordable rates21

  • 43%

    of low-income households with insufficient savings to cover small emergencies could manage them if they had access to additional credit22

Strategic Approach

JPMorganChase is supporting solutions that strengthen financial resilience to help individuals withstand and recover from unexpected shocks and stressors, and progress towards longer-term economic mobility:

  • Increase short-term savings to help individuals buffer against unexpected expenses while enabling them to build a cushion for long-term goals
  • Improve access to credit and credit-building solutions that are accessible, behaviorally informed, and designed to unlock financial progress

Chase Freedom Rise, Credit Journey, and Project REACh

JPMorganChase is expanding access to credit for our customers, including leveraging alternative data to support more inclusive underwriting. For example:

  • In 2023, JPMorganChase launched the Chase Freedom Rise℠ Card, designed for new-to-credit customers, offering an entry point into responsible credit usage. Customers are supported by Chase Bankers with tailored advice when applying in a branch, along with access to digital tools and resources to guide them on a strong path towards building credit and financial health.
  • JPMorganChase offers our complimentary digital credit monitoring tool, Credit Journey®, to all consumers (no Chase account required), which includes access to a personalized, credit-building plan to help consumers understand and improve their credit scores through step-by-step-guidance. In 2023, approximately two million Chase customers started a plan, with those successfully completing it increasing their score by an average of 30 points or more.
  •  As part of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s Project REACh, JPMorganChase is working across the public, private, and nonprofit sectors to explore alternative credit assessment methods beyond a traditional credit score that responsibly expand access to lower-priced mainstream credit products for underserved borrowers. We were the first participating institution to launch an initiative to provide credit to customers with no credit history based on cash flow underwriting that leverages customer deposit data, approving credit cards for over 76,000 new-to-credit customers to-date.

With these products, services, and tools, we see that the majority of formerly credit invisible customers have maintained their credit and are able to finance larger purchases. For example:

  • 3 out of 4 have a credit score above 720 two years later
  • 1 out of 4 were approved for an auto loan
  • 3 out of 5 acquired an additional card relationship
  • 1 out of 5 are homeowners with an active mortgage

WEALTH BUILDING & PROTECTION

While financial stability and resilience help individuals manage the present, long-term prosperity hinges on building and protecting wealth. Yet many Americans face steep, uphill challenges in doing so. The median net worth for households in the bottom 50 percent of the wealth distribution is just $12,500.23 Nearly 57 million workers (48 percent) lack access to a retirement plan,24 and among those with access, 27 percent don’t participate,25 resulting in half of households not on track to have enough saved for retirement.26 At the same time, financial threats like fraud and scams, which cost Americans $158 billion annually,27 disproportionately harm households earning less than $50,000, who are twice as likely to be targeted.28 Without specific interventions, these inequities restrict economic mobility, asset growth, and generational wealth transfer.

  • $12K+

    Median net worth of households in the bottom 50% of the wealth distribution

  • 48%

    Of workers lack access to a workplace retirement plan

  • $158B

    Lost by households annually due to fraud and scams

Strategic Approach

To address these compounding barriers, JPMorganChase supports strategies that help individuals build and sustain wealth by meeting long-term financial goals, investing for the future, and protecting and transferring generational assets:

  • Modernize workplace benefits for saving toward retirement, emergencies, education, and health needs
  • Increase access to sustainable homeownership to enable home equity as a long-term investment vehicle
  • Support the financial health of entrepreneurs and small business owners
  • Help individuals protect themselves from fraud and scam exploitation, while scaling accessible tools and infrastructure for wealth protection

JPMorganChase Fraud & Scam Prevention

Criminals defraud and scam millions of Americans out of more than $158 billion each year, eroding the financial health of individuals and institutional trust. Fraud losses increased by 33% from 2023 to 2024, according to the latest FBI report.

JPMorganChase is applying a variety of the firm’s resources—from its industry insights and products to its grant and impact finance capital—to help protect individuals from fraud and scams. In addition to investing billions in fraud and scam prevention, the firm provides educational resources and hosts hundreds of workshops focused on fraud and scam prevention at our branches every year. These workshops are open to the public and aim to educate communities about the latest scam tactics and protective measures.

This year, we launched a philanthropic Call for Ideas inviting U.S.-based non-profit organizations and mission-driven technology companies to submit innovative solutions and ideas that aim to protect individuals from fraud and scams, with a focus on those living on LMI.

Additionally, JPMorganChase is proud to be a founding member of the Aspen Institute’s National Task Force on Fraud & Scam Prevention, applying lessons learned from its industry leadership and committing to work with actors across the private, public, and nonprofit sectors to help develop a nation-wide strategy aimed at helping prevent fraud and scams and protecting Americans. 

Conclusion

Recognizing the multiplier effect of financial health and wellness on individuals, communities, and the economy, JPMorganChase is committed to supporting the financial health and wealth of all individuals over the long-term.

Based on our learnings we aim to:

  • Scale our financial health strategy—Stability, Resilience, and Wealth Building & Protection—across our philanthropic, product, and policy work.
  • Invest in innovation, to both enhance traditional models, and also keep up with an evolving landscape of technology and potential threats to individuals.
  • Drive deep cross-sector partnerships in policy and practice innovation and advocacy.
  • Center community voices, supporting organizations that reflect lived experience.

While these suite of tools and initiatives have strengthened our own business performance, the deeper value lies in the lives they impact: the young adult who built credit and secured a mortgage. The parent who opened a first bank account and started saving for their child’s education. The family who accessed benefits, built financial confidence, and envisioned a new future. 

It's about empowering people to take control of their financial lives, providing them with the tools and resources they need to make informed decisions, and fostering a sense of financial independence and security. These investments are not just about immediate returns; they are about creating lasting change and opportunities for individuals to succeed and achieve their dreams.

We invite partners across sectors to join us in realizing this vision. Together, we can build a more accessible financial future where everyone has the tools, trust, and opportunities to thrive.

References

5.

Code for America 2023 Final Impact Report

7.

SaverLife Impact Report 2024